G.E.M. ANSCOMBE How Wittgenstein cured meElizabeth Anscombe (1919-2001) (usually called G.E.M. Anscombe), was an important British philosopher in the analytic tradition. She was born in England, and a...

HANNAH ARENDT Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) was born in Germany to a Jewish family and studied philosophy at several universities. She was a student of Heidegger at Marburg University and of Husserl at Fr...

GEORGES BATAILLE   Sexuality as death Georges Bataille (1897-1962) was a French intellectual who wrote many essays in philosophy and other fields. He studied at École Nationale des Chartes i...

HENRI BERGSON Henri Bergson (1859-1941) was an important French philosopher, extremely influential at the beginning of the 20th century, and a Nobel Prize winner in literature. He was born near Paris ...

ISAIAH BERLIN Freedom from and freedom to Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997) grew up in Latvia and Russia, but because of anti-Semitism his Jewish family moved to Britain in 1921. He became a philosophy pr...

MARTIN BUBER Martin Buber (1878-1965) was a Jewish Austrian-born Israeli philosopher, writer, and an activist of cultural Zionism. He was born in Austria, became a professor in Frankfurt, but after th...

    ALBERT CAMUS Revolt against the absurd death Albert Camus (1913-1960) was an important French existentialist philosopher and novelist. He was born in French Algeria to poor parents ...

DE BEAUVOIR (1908-1986)  Woman’s way of loving Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, and political activist, and was one of the first women to study at t...

JOHN DEWEY John Dewey (1859-1952) was an American thinker known for his “pragmatist” approach to philosophy in general, and especially to philosophy of education. He grew up in Vermont, USA, and later...

MARTIN FOSS Death as a sacrifice for a higher life Martin Foss (1889-1968) was a German-born philosopher who is now often neglected. He was born in Berlin, and studied philosophy and law in Europe. Be...

Erich Fromm (1900-1980) On Love I love the world through you Erich Fromm (1900-1980) was a German-born Jewish psychologist, psychiatrist, and philosopher. He did his doctorate in sociology, and then s...

Abraham Heschel (1907-1972) THEMES ON THIS PAGE:  1. THE INEFFABLE  2. CREATING HIGHER NEEDS  3. RADICAL AMAZEMENT Abraham Heschel (1907-1972) was a Jewish American thinker, rabbi, phil...

KARL JASPERS The philosophical life Karl Jaspers (1883-1969) was a philosopher and psychiatrist, and one of the founders of existentialist philosophy and psychology. After receiving his medical degree...

Susanne Langer (1895-1985)  THEMES ON THIS PAGE:  1. THE NEED TO SYMBOLIZE2. ART SHAPES FEELINGS  3. ART AS AN ILLUSION Susanne Langer (1895-1985) was an American Philosopher, one of th...

THEMES ON THIS PAGE: 1. EROTIC LOVE2. AFFECTION3. FRIENDSHIP Clive Staples Lewis, better known as C.S. Lewis (1898-1963), was an English novelist and thinker. Although he is best known for his fantasi...

THEMES ON THIS PAGE:  1. FIDELITY TO MYSELF 2. GENEROSITY AS LIGHT 3. PHILOSOPHICAL EXPERIENCE  4. BEING TOGETHER 5. ATTITUDE TO LIFE 6. DEEP IDEAS Gabriel Marcel (1...

 MARÍAS (1914-2005)  THEMES ON THIS PAGE:  1. PHILOSOPHIZING INCLUDES ITS HISTORY 2. THE EXPERIENCE OF LIFE 3. TRUTH 4. AUTHENTICITY Julián Marías (1914-2005) was a Spani...

THEMES ON THIS PAGE: 1. ALIENATION AT WORK2. ORIGIN OF CONSCIOUSNESS3. HUMAN NATURE Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher and social revolutionary whose writings had a tremendous influence on...

José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955) THEMES ON THIS PAGE:  1. MY LIFE 2. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?  3. THE INNER SELF 4. ROMANTIC LOVE5. THE OTHER PERSON José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955) was a Sp...

Bertrand Russell – From mathematical thinking to Hegelianism and back   Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) was an important British philosopher, considered one of the founders of modern analytic philos...

My true self is my freedom to define myself Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) was an important French existentialist philosopher, political activist, novelist and playwright. In his student years, while st...

Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965)  THEMES ON THIS PAGE:  1. REVERENCE FOR LIFE 2. THE WILL TO LIVE  3.THE SOCIAL MISSION OF PHILOSOPHY Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) was a French-German...

THEMES ON THIS PAGE: 1. EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDING 2. SHAPING MY BELIEF 3. 4.  Edith Stein was a German philosopher, a student of Edmund Husserl, the father of Phenomenology. She wrote her PhD disser...

Paul Tillich (1886-1965) THEMES ON THIS PAGE:  1. THE COURAGE TO BE 2. SYMBOLS AND THE BEYOND  3. FAITH Paul Tillich (1886-1965) was an important German-American philosopher, Christian ...

Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936) On Love Love comes from compasion Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936) was a Spanish philosopher, novelist and poet. After studying at the University of Madrid, he became a prof...

Simone Weil (1909-1943) On Love Simone Weil (1909-1943) was a Jewish-born French spiritual philosopher, and was also a political activist with communist and anarchist leanings. She studied philosophy ...

THEMES ON THIS PAGE: 1. CLEARINGS IN THE FOREST 2. WHY DO WRITERS WRITE? 3. EXPERIENCE OF LIFE 4. PHILOSOPHY STEEPS OUT OF LIFE Maria Zambrano (1904-1991) was a Spanish philosopher whose philosophy wa...